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DIPHTHERIA
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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
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Tetanus
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Cellulitis
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Vaginal fungal infection(candidiasis)
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LARYNGITIS
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ACUTE PANCREATITIS
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ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
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COLORECTAL CANCER
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CORNS
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VERRUCA (WARTS)
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ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE(HEART ATTACK)
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IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)
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FAILURE TO THRIVE
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TONSILLITIS
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LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS(Low Back Pain)
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BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO
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OTITIS MEDIA (EAR INFECTION)
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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ANXIETY DISORDER
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MIGRAINE HEADACHE
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ALLERGIC SINUSITIS
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MALARIA
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Seizures and Epilepsy
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
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CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
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ASTHMA Asthmatics harbor a special type of inflammation in the airways that makes them more responsive to a wide range of triggers, leading to excessive narrowing with consequent reduced airflow and symptomatic wheezing and dyspnea. CAUSES ,RISK FACTORS AND TRIGGERS DIET-diets low in antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin A, magnesium, selenium, and omega-3
GALLSTONES
GALLSTONES Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that’s released into your small intestine. Types of gallstones 1.Cholesterol gallstones. Cholesterol gallstones usually contain
MUMPS
MUMPS Mumps is an acute systemic communicable viral infection whose most distinctive feature is swelling of one or both saliva-producing (salivary) glands. It is caused by mumps virus, a negative-strand nonsegmented RNA paramyxovirus. CAUSES Mumps is caused by a virus that spreads easily from person to person through infected saliva. If you’re not immune, you
HYPOTHYROIDISM
HYPOTHYROIDISM The thyroid gland produces two related hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of certain crucial hormones. Types Primary Hypothyroidism Deficient thyroid hormone secretion can be due to thyroid failure. Secondary Hypothyroidism Deficient thyroid hormone secretion can be due to pituitary
GOUT
GOUT Gout is a metabolic disease that most often affects middle-aged to elderly men and postmenopausal women. It results from an increased body pool of urate with hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia may arise in a wide range of settings that cause overproduction or reduced excretion of uric acid or a combination of the two. Causes Gout occurs
PEPTIC ULCER
PEPTIC ULCER A peptic ulcer is defined as disruption of the mucosal integrity of the stomach and/or duodenum leading to a local defect or excavation due to active inflammation. Peptic ulcers include: 1.Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach 2.Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of your
PSORIASIS
PSORIASIS A chronic, recurrent disorder. Classic lesion is a well-marginated, erythematous plaque with silvery-white surface scale. Distribution includes extensor surfaces (i.e., knees, elbows, and buttocks); may also involve palms and scalp (particularly anterior scalp margin). Triggers Infections, such as strep throat or skin infections Injury to the skin, such as a cut or scrape, a
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome(PCOS)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy typified by oligo ovulation or anovulation, signs of androgen excess, and multiple small ovarian cysts. Causes Use of certain pain killer- Ibuprofen, diclofenac Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)- Paracetamol Smoking Alcohol Stress Use of antibiotic Lack of physical activity Insecticide,Pesticide,Rodenticide,Weedicide Eating high carbohydrate food Lack
Menopause
Menopause Menopause is defined as the time of cessation of ovarian function resulting in permanent amenorrhoea. It takes 12 months of amenorrhoea to confirm that menopause. Cessation before age 40, termed premature ovarian failure, is associated with an elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Climacteric is the phase of waning ovarian activity, and may begin 2–3 years
Measles
Measles Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by Measles Virus that replicates in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult. Then, when someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, infected droplets spray into the air, where other people can inhale them. The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra. UTI encompasses a variety of clinical entities Cystitis (symptomatic disease of the bladder) Pyelonephritis (symptomatic disease
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever Causative agent: Salmonella typhi Incubation Period: 10-14 days Mode of transmission: Faeco-oral route, urine-oral route . The bacteria that cause typhoid fever spread through contaminated food or water and through direct contact with someone who is infected. Clinical features: High Fever(101-104 f) Headache Abdominal Pain Weakness and Fatigue Muscle Aches Sweating Dry Cough
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Causes Genetic Blood relatives, such as a parent or sibling, with ADHD or another mental health disorder Neural- Dopamine and Noradrenaline are increased Environmental -prenatal exposure to a variety of substances including nicotine, alcohol, prescription medications, and illicit substances. Environmental exposure to lead, organophosphate pesticides Trauma Infection Minimal brain damage Premature birth
ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS
ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS Alcohol dependence was previously called as alcoholism. Alcohol dependence is more common in males, and has an onset in late second or early third decade. If the onset occurs late in life, especially after 40 years of age, an underlying mood disorder should be looked for.If the alcoholic continues to drink, life
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stone Disease)
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stone Disease) Types of kidney stones Calcium Oxalate Stones are most common Calcium Phosphate Uric Acid Struvite Cystine ASSOCIATED MEDICAL CONDITIONS Several conditions predispose to stone formation, including Gastrointestinal malabsorption (e.g., crohn’s disease, gastric bypass surgery) Primary hyperparathyroidism Obesity Type 2 diabetes mellitus Distal renal tubular acidosis Hypertension Gout cardiovascular disease Cholelithiasis Reduced
Sexual Disorders
Sexual Disorders Sexual dysfunction is a significant disturbance in the sexual response cycle, which is not due to an underlying organic cause. To understand sexual dysfunction, a brief outline of normal human sexual response cycle,a normal human sexual response cycle can be divided into 5 phases 1.Appetitive Phase: The phase before the actual sexual response
Sleep Disorder
Sleep Disorder Sleep normal physiology Nearly one third of human life is spent in sleep.Sleep which is broadly divided into two broadly different phases 1.REM-sleep (rapid eye movement sleep) 2.NREM-sleep (non-REM sleep) In an 8 hour sleep, usually 6-6½ hours are spent in the NREM-sleep while 1½-2 hours are in the REM-sleep. The REM-sleep occurs
Depression
Depression Sadness of mood is usually associated with pessimism, which can result in three common types of depressive ideas. Hopelessness (there is no hope in the future). Helplessness (no help is possible now). Worthlessness (feeling of inadequacy and inferiority).The ideas of worthlessness can lead to self reproach and guilt-feelings. Difficulty In Thinking. Difficulty In Concentration. Indecisiveness.
AUTISM
AUTISM This syndrome is more common (3-4 times) in males. This syndrome has variously been described as autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, childhood autism. Typically, the onset occurs before the age of 2½ years CLINICAL FEATURES Absent social smile. Lack of eye-to-eye-contact. Lack of awareness of others’ existence or feelings; treats people as furniture Lack
Infertility
Infertility Infertility implies apparent failure of a couple to conceive, while sterility indicates absolute inability to conceive, for one or more reasons. If a couple fails to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of ‘unprotected’ and regular intercourse, it is an indication to investigate the couple. 80% of normal couples achieve conception within a year. 50%
Hypertension
Hypertension & Prevention Blood pressure is the force of blood against the artery walls. It is expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Both numbers must be maintained within normal values. Normal reading=120/80mmhg(+or-10) Chronic elevation in bp (systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg is called Hypertension Causes of hypertension Stress Depression Anxiety disorder Mood disorder
ENURESIS(BED WETTING)
Enuresis is repetitive voiding of urine, either during the day or night, at inappropriate places. This state of affairs is normal in infancy. Most children achieve bladder control by the age of three years. By the age of 5 years, there are still about 7% of children who wet their bed. Clinically , enuresis is
CORONAVIRUS
CORONAVIRUS Coronaviruses are pleomorphic, single-stranded RNA viruses. Human coronaviruses were known to cause disease: 229E (HCoV-229E) and OC43 (HCoV-OC43).The virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually. Some people become infected but
Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure (ARF) ARF is defined as an abrupt or rapid decline in the ability of the kidneys to remove waste and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes of the body. This condition is usually marked with rapid reduction in urine output, rise in serum creatinine concentration and rise in blood urea nitrogen [BUN] concentration. Risk