PERTUSSIS(THE 100-DAY COUGH)

Pertussis is an acute infection of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. The word pertussis means “violent cough,” which aptly describes the most consistent and prominent feature of the illness. The inspiratory sound made at the end of an episode of paroxysmal coughing gives rise to the common name for the illness, “whooping cough.

DIPHTHERIA

Diphtheria is a nasopharyngeal and skin infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae produce a protein toxin that causes systemic toxicity, myocarditis, and polyneuropathy. The toxin is associated with the formation of pseudomembranes in the pharynx during respiratory diphtheria Mode of transmission The secretions and discharges from infected person or carrier are

POLYCYTHEMIA VERA

Polycythemia vera is a type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots. PV is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder in which phenotypically normal red cells, granulocytes, and platelets

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus and a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. Epidemiology With an attack rate approaching 100% among susceptible individuals, HRSV is a major respiratory pathogen among young children (particularly those 2–3 months of age) and the foremost cause of lower respiratory disease among infants. HRSV accounts

RHINOVIRUSES

Rhinoviruses are nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae that together are the major cause of the “common cold” (up to 50% of cases). The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins. Modes of transmission Rhinoviruses are spread

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Normal menstruation typically occurs every 28 days ±7 days. Cycles with intervals longer than 35 days describe a state of oligomenorrhea. Menorrhagia is defined as prolonged or heavy cyclic menstruation. Objectively, menses lasting longer than 7 days or exceeding 80 mL of blood loss. Metrorrhagia describes intermenstrual bleeding. Hypomenorrhea there is diminished flow or shortening

MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM

Molluscum contagiosum virus is an obligate human pathogen that causes distinctive proliferative skin lesions. The virus occurs throughout the world, most commonly causing disease in childhood. In hot countries where children are lightly dressed and in close contact with one another, spread within households is not uncommon. The age of peak incidence is reported as

Tetanus

Tetanus is an acute disease manifested by skeletal muscle spasm and autonomic nervous system disturbance. It is caused by a powerful neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani Causes C. tetani is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod whose spores are highly resilient and can survive readily in the environment throughout the world. Spores resist boiling

Cellulitis

Cellulitis is inflammation, usually infective, of subcutaneous tissue Cellulitis is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection. The affected skin appears swollen and red and is typically painful and warm to the touch.Cellulitis usually affects the skin on the lower legs, but it can occur in the face, arms and other areas. Causes Cellulitis occurs

Vaginal fungal infection(candidiasis)

This infection is most commonly caused by Candida albicans, which can be found in the vaginas of asymptomatic patients and is a commensal of the mouth, rectum, and vagina. Risk factors Warmer climates Obese patients Immunosuppression Diabetes mellitus Pregnancy Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use Oral-genital sex Oral contraceptives or hormone therapy Oral sex Douching Cigarette smoking

LARYNGITIS

Laryngitis is an inflammation of your voice box (larynx) Causes Viral infections. Bacterial invasion takes place with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Hemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Exanthemata fevers, such as measles, mumps, and chickenpox. Chronic sinusitis Excessive alcohol use Habitual overuse of your voice (such as in singers or cheerleaders, by speaking too much, speaking

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

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ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (Marie strumpelldisease) Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic disease characterised by a progressive inflammatory stiffening of the joints, with a predilection for the joints of the axial skeleton, especially the sacroiliac joints. This is a disease of young adults, more common in males Pathology Sacro-iliac joints are usually the first to get involved; followed

Rheumatoid arthritis

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Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a symmetric polyarthritis, the most common form of chronic inflammatory arthritis. Since persistently active RA often results in articular cartilage and bone destruction and functional disability. CLINICAL FEATURES Polyarthritis of peripheral joints with pain, tenderness, and swelling of affected joints Stiffness lasting more

MIGRAINE HEADACHE

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MIGRAINE HEADACHE Migraine, the second most common cause of headache. A migraine can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. It’s often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so

ALLERGIC SINUSITIS

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ALLERGIC SINUSITIS Sinusitis causes the spaces inside your nose (sinuses) to become inflamed and swollen. This interferes with drainage and causes mucus to build up CAUSES ,RISK FACTORS AND TRIGGERS   DIET-diets low in antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin A, magnesium, selenium, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fats (fish oil), Vitamin D deficiency DIET -high

MALARIA

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MALARIA Malaria, the most important protozoa disease in humans, is caused by the genus Plasmodium. Four species are pathogenic, P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale, of which the first two occur in India. Mosquitoes usually breed in edges of streams, water tanks, pits, cisterns and overhead tanks fountains burrowed pits, pools, ponds,

Seizures and Epilepsy

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Seizures and Epilepsy A seizure is a transient occurrence of signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy describes a condition in which a person has a risk of recurrent seizures due to a chronic, underlying process. CLASSIFICATION OF SEIZURES Focal seizures a.Focal seizures without loss of consciousness.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) encompasses a spectrum of pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Causes Type 1 or type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Glomerulonephritis Interstitial nephritis Polycystic kidney disease Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged

SCHIZOPHRENIA

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SCHIZOPHRENIA Schizophrenia is one of the most common, devastating, neuropsychiatric illnesses present in the human population. CAUSES Complex dopamine dysregulation occurs, with hyperdopaminergic activity Withdrawal from friends and family A drop in performance at school Trouble sleeping Irritability or depressed mood Lack of motivation Family history of schizophrenia Alcohol Drug addiction Stress Depression Use of

LUNG CANCER

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LUNG CANCER Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among men and women. CAUSES Cigarette smoking Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or second-hand smoke Alcohol Tobacco chewing Occupational exposures to asbestos, arsenic, bischloromethyl ether, chromium, mustard gas, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ionizing radiation Prolonged exposure to low-level radon Low fruit and vegetable

PUBERTY &PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

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PUBERTY &PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY PUBERTY Puberty is the period of transition from childhood to adult sexual maturation. It is the period of gradual development of secondary sexual characters. There are profound biological, morphological, and psychological changes that lead to full sexual maturity and eventually fertility The most common order is beginning of the growth spurt →

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

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PARKINSON’S DISEASE Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease. CAUSES Soil in farming activities due use of chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizer Exposure to chemical pesticides that may induce mutation in genes INSECTICIDE,PESTICIDE,RODENTICIDE,WEEDICIDE 1.ORGANOPHOSPHORUS  POISON(OP POISON) Malathoin, Tetron, Parathion,Chlorthoin,Diazion(Tik 20) 2.ORGANO CHLORINES DDT,Aldrin,Endrin,Endosulfan,Benzene Hexa Chloride 3.PARAQUAT(WEEDOL) 4.FLOURIDES(SODIUM FLOURIDES) 5.ZINC PHOSPHIDE 6.ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE

DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

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DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic muscle diseases characterized by progressive myofiber degeneration and the gradual replacement of muscle by fibrotic tissue. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common muscular dystrophy and one of the most common genetic disorders of childhood. CAUSES Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disorder (Xp21) that

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which organs and cells undergo damage initially mediated by tissue-binding autoantibodies and immune complexes. CAUSES Tobacco smoking Drinking alcohol Exposure to crystalline silica e.g., inhalation of soap powder dust Soil in farming activities due use of pesticides, artificial fertilizer Genetic susceptibility Autoimmunity-inducing activation

FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION and SOILING in INFANTS

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FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION AND SOILING Constipation is decreased frequency of bowel movements, usually associated with a hard stool consistency. The occurrence of pain at defecation frequently accompanies constipation. Functional constipation implies that there is no identifiable causative organic condition. Encopresis Encopresis is the regular, voluntary, or involuntary passage of feces into a place other than the

BREAST FEEDING

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BREAST FEEDING Breast milk is an ideal food for neonates. It is the best gift that a mother can give to her baby. Mothers milk as the sole source of nutrition for the first 6 months of life, with continued intake for the first year, and as long as desired thereafter. Breast feeding has short-

TEMPER TANTRUMS

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TEMPER TANTRUMS Temper tantrums include behaviors that occur when the child responds to physical or emotional challenges by drawing attention to himself and can include Yelling, Biting, Crying, Kicking, Pushing, Throwing Objects,  Head Banging, Hitting, Holding the Breath, Pinching,  Tensing Muscles Tantrums typically begin at 18-36 months of age. Inability to assert autonomy or perform

DENGUE FEVER

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DENGUE FEVER Dengue Infections Dengue fever is an acute illness characterized by fever, myalgia, arthralgia and rash. Severe dengue infection is characterized by abnormalities in hemostasis and by marked leakage of plasma from the capillaries; the latter may lead to shock (dengue shock syndrome). Virus. Dengue fever is caused by infection due to any of

NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES IN CHILDREN

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NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES IN CHILDREN BONDING AND ATTACHMENT IN INFANCY The terms bonding and attachment describe the affective relationships between parents and infants. Bonding occurs shortly after birth and reflects the feelings of the parents toward the newborn (unidirectional). Attachment involves reciprocal feelings between parent and infant and develops gradually over the first year. Stranger

ANAL FISSURE

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ANAL FISSURE An anal fissure is a small tear in the mucosa that lines the anus. Anal fissures occur at all ages but are more common in the third through the fifth decades. A fissure is the most common cause of rectal bleeding in infancy. The prevalence is equal in males and females. It is

ACNE VULGARIS

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ACNE VULGARIS(PIMPLES) Acne is most common in the teenage years, individual differences relating to severity and the extent of scarring. Peak severity is in the late teenage years but acne may persist into the third decade and beyond, particularly in females. CAUSES Increased sebum excretion is necessary for the development of acne, it is not

DIABETES MELLITUS

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DIABETES MELLITUS India is the capital of DIABETES MELLITUS due to change of life style and western diet. Diabetes Mellitus refers to hyperglycemia(high blood sugar) include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production. Normal glucose level : Fasting blood sugar=80-110 mg/dL Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), characterized by elevations in postprandial glucose(< 126

CHICKENPOX

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CHICKENPOX Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes two distinct clinical syndromes: varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). Chickenpox is highly contagious, with an attack rate of at least 90% among susceptible (seronegative) individuals. Persons of both sexes and all races are infected equally. The virus is endemic in the population at large; however, it becomes epidemic among

ALOPECIA (HAIR FALL)

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  ALOPECIA (HAIR FALL) The two major forms of alopecia are scarring and nonscarring. Scarring alopecia is associated with fibrosis, inflammation, and loss of hair follicles. In nonscarring alopecia, the hair shafts are absent or miniaturized, but the hair follicles are preserved. Alopecia totalis is complete loss of scalp hair. Alopecia universalis is complete loss

HEMORRHOIDAL DISEASE

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HEMORRHOIDAL DISEASE Pathophysiology Hemorrhoidal cushions are a normal part of the anal canal. The vascular structures contained within this tissue aid in continence by preventing damage to the sphincter muscle. Three main hemorrhoidal complexes traverse the anal canal— the left lateral, the right anterior, and the right posterior. Engorgement and straining lead to prolapse of

ASTHMA

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ASTHMA Asthmatics harbor a special type of inflammation in the airways that makes them more responsive to a wide range of triggers, leading to excessive narrowing with consequent reduced airflow and symptomatic wheezing and dyspnea. CAUSES ,RISK FACTORS AND TRIGGERS DIET-diets low in antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin A, magnesium, selenium, and omega-3

GALLSTONES

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GALLSTONES Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that’s released into your small intestine. Types of gallstones 1.Cholesterol gallstones. Cholesterol gallstones usually contain

MUMPS

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MUMPS Mumps is an acute systemic communicable viral infection whose most distinctive feature is swelling of one or both saliva-producing (salivary) glands. It is caused by mumps virus, a negative-strand nonsegmented RNA paramyxovirus. CAUSES Mumps is caused by a virus that spreads easily from person to person through infected saliva. If you’re not immune, you

HYPOTHYROIDISM

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HYPOTHYROIDISM The thyroid gland produces two related hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of certain crucial hormones. Types Primary Hypothyroidism Deficient thyroid hormone secretion can be due to thyroid failure. Secondary Hypothyroidism Deficient thyroid hormone secretion can be due to pituitary

GOUT

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GOUT  Gout  is  a  metabolic  disease  that  most  often  affects  middle-aged  to  elderly  men  and  postmenopausal  women.  It  results  from  an  increased  body  pool  of  urate  with  hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia may  arise in a wide range of settings that cause overproduction or reduced excretion of uric acid or a combination of the two. Causes Gout  occurs 

PEPTIC ULCER

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PEPTIC ULCER A peptic ulcer is defined as disruption of the mucosal integrity of the stomach and/or duodenum leading to a local defect or excavation due to active inflammation. Peptic ulcers include: 1.Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach 2.Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of your

PSORIASIS

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PSORIASIS A chronic, recurrent disorder. Classic lesion is a well-marginated, erythematous plaque with silvery-white surface scale. Distribution includes extensor surfaces (i.e., knees, elbows, and buttocks); may also involve palms and scalp (particularly anterior scalp margin). Triggers Infections, such as strep throat or skin infections Injury to the skin, such as a cut or scrape, a

CORONAVIRUS

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CORONAVIRUS Coronaviruses are pleomorphic, single-stranded RNA viruses. Human coronaviruses were known to cause disease: 229E (HCoV-229E) and OC43 (HCoV-OC43).The virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19  symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually. Some people become infected but