PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease.

CAUSES

• Soil in farming activities due use of chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizer
• Exposure to chemical pesticides that may induce mutation in genes
• INSECTICIDE,PESTICIDE,RODENTICIDE,WEEDICIDE

1.ORGANOPHOSPHORUS  POISON(OP POISON)

Malathoin, Tetron, Parathion,Chlorthoin,Diazion(Tik 20)

2.ORGANO CHLORINES

DDT,Aldrin,Endrin,Endosulfan,Benzene Hexa Chloride

3.PARAQUAT(WEEDOL)

4.FLOURIDES(SODIUM FLOURIDES)

5.ZINC PHOSPHIDE

6.ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE

• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Mutations in α-synuclein
• Mutations in Parkin
• Allopathic drugs –antihypertensive drug, neuroleptic drugs
• Head injury

CLINICAL FEATURES

• Bradykinesia (slowness of voluntary movements)
• Rigidity (“cogwheeling”—increased ratchet-like resistance to passive limb movements)
• Rest tremor,pill rolling movement
• Gait dysfunction with postural instability
• Freezing of gait
• Swallowing impairment(dysphagia )
• Expressionless face (Masked facies)
• Micrographia (small handwriting)
• Reduced arm swing
• Reduced eye blinking
• Drooling of saliva
• Speech difficulty-soft voice (hypophonia)
• Freezing gait
• Loss of smell (anosmia)
• Sensory disturbances (e.g., pain)
• Mood disorders (e.g., depression)
• Sleep disturbances
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Gastrointestinal disturbances -constipation
• Genitourinal disturbances –incontinence of urine
• Sexual dysfunction –loss of libido
• Cognitive impairment
• Dementia

PREVENTION

• Avoid chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizer for farming
• Avoid  herbicides
• Avoid weedicides
• Avoid rodenticide
• Eat organic fruits, vegetable
• Regular excersise
• Avoid smoking
• Eating foods high in fiber
• Drinking an adequate amount of fluids

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Hallmark features of PD are degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), reduced striatal dopamine, and intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites that primarily contain the protein α-synuclein

Neuronal degeneration with inclusion body formation can also affect cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem, and neurons of the olfactory system, cerebral hemispheres, spinal cord, and peripheral autonomic nervous system. This “nondopaminergic” pathology is likely responsible for the development of the nondopaminergic clinical features.

DIAGNOSIS

MRI brain

CT brain

TREATMENT

HOMEOPATHY